First, not all transistors produce noise. It’s being used in a mode it’s not designed for and it’s not guaranteed it’ll do the same thing as the next transistor (especially ones from different batches). I would not solder up a noise circuit without first building enough of it on a solderless breadboard to verify the transistor works.
I have breadboarded that circuit and none of the BC547 I had worked, but several 2N3904 did.
If you don’t have a scope, you can try an audio probe to trace the signal. At the transistor emitter (or maybe better at the other side of C1) I’d expect the noise to be faint but audible. At the TL074 pin 1 it should be clear and of course at pin 7. If it’s absent in any of those places that’ll narrow down where the problem is. Of course if you have a scope it’ll be easier to check with that.